the scale of the invention

the scale of invention

telephone


the first telephone was started as a electromagnetic paragraph and was create by Baron Pavel L'vovitch Schilling, Paul Schilling a german scientist that live in russia. His first line of the electromagnetic telegraph was set up in Schilling's apartment in St Petersburg. In 1832, Schilling demonstrated the long-distance transmission of signals by positioning two telegraphs of his invention - his telegraph said to be the first electromagnetic telegraph in the world - in two different rooms of his apartment. Schilling was the first to put into practice the idea of the binary system of signal transmission.this is like the birth of the phone we use today. Carl Friedrich Gauß and Wilhelm Weber built and first used for regular communication the electromagnetic telegraph in 1833 in Göttingen. this is the story that start about telephone. there is a timeline that will tell about the early phone start by


1667: Robert Hooke invented a string telephone that conveyed sounds over an extended wire by mechanical vibrations.
1844: Innocenzo Manzetti first mooted the idea of a “speaking telegraph” (telephone).
1854: Charles Bourseul writes a memorandum on the principles of the telephone.(See the article : "Transmission électrique de la parole", L'Illustration, Paris, 26 August 1854).
1854: Antonio Meucci demonstrates an electric voice-operated device in New York; it is not clear what kind of device he demonstrated.
1861: Philipp Reis constructs the first speech-transmitting telephone
1872: Elisha Gray establishes Western Electric Manufacturing Company.
1 July 1875: Bell uses a bi-directional "gallows" telephone that was able to transmit "voicelike sounds", but not clear speech. Both the transmitter and the receiver were identical membrane electromagnet instruments.
1875: Thomas Edison experiments with acoustic telegraphy and in November builds an electro-dynamic receiver, but does not exploit it.
6 April 1875: Bell's U.S. Patent 161,739 "Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs" is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make-break circuits, and the concept of multiplexed frequencies.
11 February 1876: Elisha Gray designs a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone, but does not build one.
7 March 1876: Bell's U.S. patent 174,465 for the telephone is granted.
10 March 1876: Bell transmits the sentence "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you" using a liquid transmitter and an electromagnetic receiver.
30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. patent 186,787 is granted for an electro-magnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell.
27 April 1877: Edison files for a patent on a carbon (graphite) transmitter. The patent 474,230 was granted 3 May 1892, after a 15-year delay because of litigation. Edison was granted patent 222,390 for a carbon granules transmitter in 1879.

and i will tell the story of each men start by first

Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher and polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work.
Hooke is known principally for his law of elasticity (Hooke's Law). He is also remembered for his work as "the father of microscopy" — it was Hooke who coined the term "cell" to describe the basic unit of life — but he also assisted Robert Boyle and built the vacuum pumps used in Boyle's gas law experiments, was an important architect of his time, was chief surveyor to the City of London after the Great Fire, built some of the earliest Gregorian telescopes, observed the rotations of Mars and Jupiter, and was an early proponent of the theory of evolution through his observations of microscopic fossils. He investigated the phenomenon of refraction, deducing the wave theory of light, and was the first to suggest that matter expands when heated and that air is made of small particles separated by relatively large distances. He also deduced from experiments that gravity follows an inverse square law, and that such a relation governs the motions of the planets, an idea which was subsequently developed by Newton.[1] Much of Hooke's work was conducted in his capacity as curator of experiments of the Royal Society, a post he held from 1662.
Hooke was, by all accounts, a remarkably industrious man, and was at one time simultaneously the curator of the Royal Society and a member of its council, Gresham Professor of Geometry and Chief Surveyor to the City of London.
Hooke's reputation was largely forgotten during the eighteenth century, and this is popularly attributed to a dispute with Isaac Newton over credit for his work on gravitation; Newton, as President of the Royal Society, did much to obscure Hooke, including, it is said, destroying (or failing to preserve) the only known portrait of the man. Hooke's reputation was revived during the twentieth century through studies of Robert Gunther and Margaret 'Espinasse, and after a long period of relative obscurity he is now recognised as one of the most important scientists of his age.this is from wikipedia

and the second is about Innocenzo Manzetti first mooted the idea of a “speaking telegraph

this is a story about him: Innocenzo Vincenzo Bartolomeo Luigi Carlo Manzetti (17 March 1826 – 17 March 1877) was born in the Aosta Valley. Following primary school he went to the Jesuit-run Saint Bénin boarding school and then on to Turin where he was awarded a diploma in land surveying before returning to Aosta.
In 1844 Manzetti first mooted the idea of a “speaking telegraph” (telephone), but didn't pursue the idea at the time. In 1849 he constructed a flute-playing automaton. It was in the shape of a man, life-size, seated on a chair. Hidden inside the chair were levers, connecting beams and compressed-air tubes, which made the automaton's lips and fingers move on the flute according to a program recorded on a cylinder similar to those used in player pianos. The automaton was powered by clockwork and could perform 12 different arias. As part of the performance it would rise from the chair, bow its head, and roll its eyes. Ever the inventor, Manzetti went on to construct geodetic instruments that he needed for his work as a land surveyor, a bicycle, a piano, and a special pantograph for the reproduction of bass-reliefs on ivory, marble or wood. Later he managed to get his automaton to play any piece performed by a musician on an organ by muting the organ's keys and connecting them to the automaton's fingers. He also built, as a toy for his daughter, a wooden flying parrot which would beat its wings then, reportedly, rise into the air and hover for two or three minutes before settling on a shelf.
In 1855 he invented a hydraulic machine to empty water from the wells of the Ollomont mines, which were previously unworkable. In 1864, just after marrying Miss Rosa Sofia Anzola, he built a steam-powered car (27 years before that built in Paris by Serpollet), and a telescope with three converging lenses that allowed the user to observe a movement at a distance of 7 km (more than 4 miles). He also built a pendulum watch which would work for one year on a single winding.
In 1864, in order to give his automaton the power of speech, he finally invented his speaking telegraph (Some reports state that he didn't actually get it working until the following year). Either way he failed to patent his device, but it was reported in the press around the world. Émile Quétand, writing in Le Petit Journal of Paris, wrote “Manzetti transmits directly the word by means of the ordinary telegraphic wire, with an apparatus simpler than the one which is now used for dispatches. Now, two merchants will be able to discuss their business instantly from London to Calcutta, announce each other speculations, propose them, conclude them. Many experiments have been made already. They were successful enough to establish the practical possibility of this discovery. Music can already be perfectly transmitted; as for the words, the sonorous ones are heard distinctly.” Later, on 22 August 1865, La Feuille d'Aoste reported “It is rumored that English technicians to whom Mr. Manzetti illustrated his method for transmitting spoken words on the telegraph wire intend to apply said invention in England on several private telegraph lines.” Manzetti later recalled the “English technicians” as being Alexander Graham Bell and family.
Manzetti's first daughter, Maria Sofia, died in 1867 at the age of two. Manzetti himself died in Aosta on his 51st birthday, poor and largely unrecognized, one year after the death of his second and last daughter, Marina Fortunata.
Retrieved from

and then the third men name Charles Bourseul writes a memorandum on the principles of the telephone

this is a story about him : Charles Bourseul was born in Brussels, Belgium on the 28th of April 1829, and grew up in Douai, France. He is sometime credited with being an inventor of the telephone.
His father was a French army officer. Charles worked for the telegraph company as a civil engineer and mechanic. He made improvements to the telegraph system of L. F. Breguet (a French precision mechanic) and Samuel F. B. Morse (American, 1791-1872). Charles Bourseul experimented with electrical transmission of human voice and developed an electromagnetic microphone, but his telephone receiver failed to convert electrical current back into clear human voice sounds.
In 1854 Bourseul wrote a memorandum about transmitting human voice sounds by electrical currents that was first published in a magazine L'Illustration (Paris), though no prototype was realised. That is about the same time that Meucci created his first attempt at the telephone in Italy.
Bourseul explained: “Suppose that a man speaks near a movable disc sufficiently flexible to lose none of the vibrations of the voice; that this disc alternately makes and breaks the currents from a battery: you may have at a distance another disc which will simultaneously execute the same vibrations.... It is certain that, in a more or less distant future, speech will be transmitted by electricity. I have made experiments in this direction; they are delicate and demand time and patience, but the approximations obtained promise a favourable result.”
Bourseul died in Saint-Céré, France on the 23rd November 1912, at the age of 83.

another man name antonio meucci he was like a father of telephone . this is a story about him:Antonio Meucci (Florence, April 13, 1808 – October 18, 1889) was an Italian-born inventor who developed a form of voice communication apparatus in 1857. Many credit him with the invention of the telephone; for example, the Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti (Italian Encyclopedia of Science, Literature and Art) calls him the "inventore del telefono" (inventor of the telephone).[1] In 2002 the U. S. House of Representatives passed a bill recognizing Meucci's accomplishment and stating that "if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell."[2][3] The resolution's sponsor described it as "a message that rings loud and clear recognizing the true inventor of the telephone, Antonio Meucci."[4]
Meucci set up a form of voice communication link in his Staten Island home that connected the basement with the first floor, but was unable to raise sufficient funds to pay for the patent application. He filed a patent caveat in 1871, which was forced to expire in 1874. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented the electro-magnetic transmission of vocal sound by undulatory electric current.
On January 13th 1887 the Government of the United States moved to annul the patent issued to Alexander Graham Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. The prosecuting attorney was the Hon. George M. Stearns under the direction of the Solicitor General George A. Jenks.[5]
On July 19th 1887, the judge William J. Wallace (Circuit Court, S. D. New York.) concluded : "The experiments and invention of one Antonio Meucci, relating to the transmission of speech by an electrical apparatus, for which invention a caveat was filed in the United States patent‑office, December 28, 1871, renewed in December, 1882, and again in December, 1883, do not contain any such elements of an electric speaking telephone as would give the same priority over or interfere with the said Bell patent."[6] The judge opined that Meucci had been "led by his necessities to trade on the credulity of his friends." Meucci died before the Court reached a verdict for his own case, which was closed at the death of the prosecutor. this is a story about him and you can see more at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Meucci

next man thomas edison a made who built the first light bulb also experement about this. the thing that he made is a Acoustic telegraphy was also known as harmonic telegraphy and they have many people develop it. adison was born in unted state and he has a ear problem when he was young. he like to work with his crewmate and he made like voice recorder,etc. he died in age of 84.

during that time bell made the first telephone and it was gratuate in us on may 1977. they have a plenty connect wire of telephone and there has like a operator during that time. then thomas edison has develop the telephone let it have more clear sound. and that is the start of the phone


you can see a story about a phone in this :The Alternate History of the Telephone http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lp4PrrwXusc and after reading this watch this funny
video to let you feel pretty good from working but if you dont want to see you can skip. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIE5mz18uAg

history of my favorite explorer james cook

James Cook British Navigator and Explorer
james cook story




james cook was born on October 27, 1728 in Marton, (near modern Middlesborough), Yorkshire, Britain. He commanded three voyages of discovery for Great Britain, and sailed around the world twice. Captain Cook's voyages lead to the establishment of colonies throughout the Pacific by several European countries. He is considered one of the world's greatest explorers.Cook was an apprentice to a shipping company at age 18, and joined the British Navy at 27 in 1755. In 1768, the Navy appointed him leader of a scientific expedition to Tahiti to observe a solar eclipse by Venus. He also had secret orders to seek a southern continent geographers long believed kept the world in balance. He set out on his first voyage round the world in the ship Endeavour. The trip to Tahiti was successful. The search for the southern continent ("Terres Australes" or lands in the south) was not.In October of 1769 Cook was the first European to land on New Zealand. The Islands had been sighted previously by Dutch Captain Able Tasman, in 1642 some 127 years before Cook. New Zealand is named after the Dutch province of Zeelandt (meaning Sea Land).On August 22, 1770, Cook claimed for Great Britain the eastern coast of New Holland (now Australia). He claimed the part of New Holland the Dutch had not technically mapped. during his voyage he found many kind of plants and animals and different kind of people
The name "Australia" was not used until the early 1800s. During his return trip to England in 1771, Cook was the first ship commander to prevent the outbreak of scurvy by serving his crew fruit and sauerkraut to prevent the disease.On Cook's second journey he sailed farther south than any other European. He circled Antarctica in his famous ship Resolution, but the ice surrounding the continent prevented the sighting of land. The existence of the Antarctica remained unproved until 1840. He returned to England in 1775 and was promoted to Captain.In July of 1776 Cook set sail on his third voyage, again in Resolution. His mission was to look for a possible northern sea route between Europe and Asia. In 1778 he became the first know European to reach the Hawaiian Islands. Later in 1778 Cook sailed up the northwest coast of North America, and was the first European to land on Vancouver Island in British Columbia. He continued up the coast through the Bering strait, and entered the Arctic Ocean. Great walls of ice blocked the expedition, so Cook headed back for the Hawaiian Islands.On February 14, 1779 Cook was stabbed to death by Hawaiian natives while investigating a theft of a boat by an islander. The expedition arrived back in England in October of 1780.

the thing that made me like him

I like him becouse he didn't create bloody fight with other very much and he discovered many kinds of plants and animal like lizard,fish,etc. and a plant such as nepenthis that cook found and the animal that he found became popular in europe and other countries later. He also wrote many kind of book about plant that he see and animal that he saw. That is why I like him.


this is a video about him :http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMjy3xFHs0sThe History of James Cook and the aborigines.